# 术语表

## A-D

附加组件、扩展或插件

Add-ons, extensions, and plugins are components that can be added to web browsers to give them new features. Tor 浏览器预装了一个附加组件：NoScript。 请勿在 Tor 浏览器上安装其他附加组件，因为这将对隐私保护功能造成危害。

杀毒软件

杀毒软件用于防范，检测以及移除恶意软件。 Antivirus software can interfere with Tor running on your computer. 如果你不知道如何允许 Tor 运行，请参阅杀毒软件的文档。

应用

A web application (web app), is an application that the client runs in a web browser. App can also refer to software that you install on mobile operating systems.

Atlas

Atlas is a web application to learn about currently running Tor relays.

带宽管理机构

To determine a relay's throughput, special relays called bandwidth authorities take periodic measurements of the relays in the consensus.

网桥

如同普通 Tor 中继，网桥由志愿者运行；不过，与普通中继不同的是，网桥并未公开列出，因此不会被封锁者轻易识别。 可插拔传输是一种网桥，能帮助隐藏您正在使用Tor的行为。

网桥管理机构

A special-purpose relay that maintains the list of bridges.

网桥表情符

由 4 个表情符号组成的简短可视化图片，用户快速识别正确的网桥地址。 网桥表情符是用户可读的网桥标识符，不代表 Tor 网络连接质量或网桥状态。 表情符字符串不可用作输入。通过网桥连接时，必须提供完整的网桥地址。

浏览器指纹分析

指纹分析指收集设备或服务相关信息并对身份或特征进行推测的过程。 特定的行为或响应可用于识别已分析的设备或服务。 Tor 浏览器可防止指纹识别。

浏览历史记录

A browser history is a record of requests made while using a web browser, and includes information like websites visited and when. Tor 浏览器会在您关闭会话后删除您的浏览历史记录。

验证码

Captcha 是一个“质询-响应”测试，用来确定用户是否为人类。 Tor users are often served Captchas because Tor relays make so many requests that sometimes websites have a hard time determining whether or not those requests are coming from humans or bots.

Spelling notes: Only capitalize first letter, as Captcha is now considered a noun.

校验和

Checksums are hash values of files. If you have downloaded the software without errors, the given checksum and the checksum of your downloaded file will be identical.

线路

A path through the Tor network built by clients consisting of randomly selected nodes. The circuit begins with either a bridge or a guard. Most circuits consist of three nodes - a guard or bridge, a middle relay, and an exit. Most onion services use six hops in a circuit (with the exception of single onion services), and never an exit node. On Tor Browser for Desktop, you can view your current Tor circuit by clicking on the Tor circuit icon in the URL bar.

客户端

In Tor, a client is a node in the Tor network, typically running on behalf of one user, that routes application connections over a series of relays.

Compass

Compass is a web application to learn about currently running Tor relays in bulk.

连接助手

Tor 浏览器中的一项功能，在需要时可自动为用户选择所在地最合适的网桥。

Translation notes: See how it appears on your language's Tor Browser. Keep in English if there is no version of Tor Browser in your language.

共识

In Tor terms, a single document compiled and voted on by the directory authorities once per hour, ensuring that all clients have the same information about the relays that make up the Tor network.

cookie

An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing. By default, Tor Browser does not store cookies.

跨站脚本 (XSS)

跨站脚本 (XSS) 使得攻击者能够在网站添加恶意功能或行为，而他们本不应具备这种能力。

加密签名

A cryptographic signature proves the authenticity of a message or file. It is created by the holder of the private portion of a public key cryptography key pair and can be verified by the corresponding public key. If you download software from torproject.org, you will find it as signature files (.asc). These are PGP signatures, so you can verify that the file you have downloaded is exactly the one that we intended you to get. For more information, see how you can verify signatures.

守护程序

守护程序指作为后台进程运行的计算机程序，不受用户的直接控制。

Dangerzone

如果文档存在潜在风险或者来源不可信，可通过 Dangerzone 将任何文档（甚至 pdf）转换成 pdf 文件。 先将 pdf 转换为原始像素数据，然后再转换回 pdf，以此除去风险。

目录管理机构

A special-purpose relay that maintains a list of currently-running relays and periodically publishes a consensus together with the other directory authorities.

域名前置

域名前置是一种审查规避技术，用于隐藏你连接的网站。 在审查者的角度，你看起来正在连接大型网络服务（如微软或 Google），将其屏蔽成本太高。 However, it does not make you anonymous, or completely hide your destination like Tor Browser does. 请查看域前置的博客文章来了解更多信息。

Spelling notes: No need to capitalize.

Translation notes: You can translate this term if it sounds better on your language.

## E-H

加密

The process of taking a piece of data and scrambling it into a secret code that can only be read by the intended recipient. Tor uses three layers of encryption in the Tor circuit; each relay decrypts one layer before passing the request on to the next relay.

端到端加密

Transmitted data which is encrypted directly from origin to destination is called end-to-end encryption. This helps ensure the data or message being sent is only read by the sending and receiving party.

出口节点

The last relay in the Tor circuit which sends traffic out onto the public Internet. The service you are connecting to (website, chat service, email provider, etc.) will see the IP address of the exit.

ExoneraTor

The ExoneraTor service maintains a database of relay IP addresses that have been part of the Tor network. It answers the question of whether there was a Tor relay running on a given IP address on a given date. This service is often useful when dealing with law enforcement.

F-Droid

F-Droid 是一个 Android 自由及开放源代码软件（FOSS）应用仓库。 就像在 Google Play 一样，您可以通过F-Droid 浏览、安装并及时了解设备上的应用更新。 Tor Browser is available on F-Droid. Follow these steps if you prefer installing the app through F-Droid.

Firefox

Mozilla Firefox is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. Tor Browser is built from a modified version of Firefox ESR (Extended Support Release). Firefox is available for Windows, macOS and Linux operating systems, with its mobile version available for Android and iOS.

防火墙

A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. This traffic filter is based on predetermined rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another outside network but it can also be used as a content filter in the sense of censorship. Sometimes people have trouble connecting to Tor because their firewall blocks Tor connections. You can reconfigure or disable your firewall and restart Tor to test this.

Flash Player

Flash Player is a browser plugin for Internet applications to watch audio and video content. You should never enable Flash to run in Tor Browser as it is unsafe. Many services that use Flash also offer an HTML5 alternative, which should work in Tor Browser.

fte

FTE (format-transforming encryption) was a pluggable transport that disguised Tor traffic as ordinary web (HTTP) traffic. 现已不再使用。

Translation notes: Do not translate.

GetTor

GetTor is a service that automatically responds to messages (Email, Telegram) with links to the latest version of Tor Browser, hosted at a variety of locations, such as Dropbox, Google Drive and GitHub.

Spelling notes: The second `T` is capitalized when possible: GetTor.

Translation notes: Do not translate.

GSoC

Tor Project 参与了 Google 编程之夏，一个为大学生举办的暑假活动。

GSoD

Tor Project 参与了 Google 文档季，一个针对技术文档写作者的活动。

守卫节点

The first relay in the Tor circuit, unless using a bridge. When using a bridge, the bridge takes the place of the guard. To learn more about this type of relays, please read What are Entry Guards?.

哈希值

A cryptographic hash value is the result of a mathematical algorithm that maps data to a bit string of a fixed size. It's designed as one-way-function which means the value is easy to calculate in one direction but infeasible to invert. Hash values serve to verify the integrity of data.

HashRing

散列函数是一种分布式架构，用于存储一组键和关联值。 就 Tor 而言，密钥通常来源于洋葱服务，而钥匙的值是客户端连接到该服务所需的信息。

Spelling notes: Note that this is not `hashing`.

Translation notes: Do not translate.

隐藏服务

Former name for "onion services", sometimes still in use in Tor documentation or communication.

跃点

In Tor terms, a "hop" refers to traffic moving between relays in a circuit.

HTTP

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a channel used to send files and data between devices on a network. Originally used to transfer only web pages, it is now relied upon to deliver many forms of data and communication.

HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is the encrypted version of the HTTP channel used to transfer files and data between devices on a network.

HTTPS Everywhere

HTTPS Everywhere is a Firefox, Chrome, and Opera extension that makes HTTPS the default on websites that have set up HTTPS but have not made it the default. HTTPS Everywhere 已在 Android 版 Tor 浏览器中安装。 自 Tor 浏览器 11.5 版本起，桌面版默认启用 HTTPS-Only 模式，且 HTTPS Everywhere 不再与 Tor 浏览器绑定。

## I-L

互联网服务提供商 (ISP)

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing and using the Internet. When using Tor Browser, your ISP cannot see what websites you're visiting.

IP 地址

互联网协议地址（IP 地址）是一个数字标签（在 IPv6 的情况下是字母数字组合）。在使用互联网协议进行通讯的计算机网络中，为每个设备，如电脑或打印机，分配一个 IP 地址。 IP 地址是设备的位置地址，与现实中实际位置的地址类似。 Tor Browser obscures your location by making it look like your traffic is coming from an IP address that is not your own.

JavaScript

JavaScript 是一种编程语言，用于为网站提供各种交互式元素，如视频、音乐、动画、状态时间线等。 Unfortunately, JavaScript can also enable attacks on the security of the web browser, which might lead to deanonymization. The NoScript extension in Tor Browser can be used to manage JavaScript on different websites.

黑边

黑边是 Tor 浏览器的一项功能，可以向网站隐藏用户的真实窗口大小。 它通过向浏览器窗口添加边距来实现这一点。 The feature helps prevent fingerprinting users based on their window or screen size.

little-t tor

“little-t tor”指 tor 网络守护程序，而不是 Tor 浏览器或 Tor Project。

## M-P

meek

It is a type of pluggable transport. Meek connects you to the Tor network through a big cloud provider.

MetricsPort

MetricsPort 为底层 Tor 中继指标提供了一个接口。 Tor 中继运营者主要用它来收集指标和其他相关信息，以诊断问题和堵塞，或监控中继性能。 For more information please read the MetricsPort section on the article about overloaded relays.

Translation notes: Do not translate.

中间中继

The middle position in the Tor circuit. Non-exit relays can function as either a "middle" or a "guard" for different users.

moat

Moat is an interactive tool you can use to get bridges from within Tor Browser. It uses domain fronting to help you circumvent censorship. Moat also employs a Captcha to prevent a censor from quickly blocking all of the bridges.

Read more about using moat.

网络审查

Sometimes the direct access to the Tor network is blocked by your Internet Service Provider (ISP) or by a government. Tor Browser includes some circumvention tools for getting around these blocks, including bridges, pluggable transports, and GetTor.

新建身份

New Identity is a Tor Browser feature if you want to prevent your subsequent browser activity from being linkable to what you were doing before. Selecting it will close all your open tabs and windows, clear all private information such as cookies and browsing history, and use New Tor circuits for all connections. Tor 浏览器将提示用户，所有活动和下载都将终止，因此在点击“新建身份”（屏幕右上角有个闪亮的扫帚图标按钮）之前，请做好准备。 New Identity can also help if Tor Browser is having trouble connecting to a particular site, similarly to "New Tor Circuit for this Site".

本站新建 Tor 线路

This option is useful if the exit you are using is unable to connect to the website you require, or is not loading it properly. Selecting it will cause the currently active tab or window to be reloaded over a new Tor circuit. 其它来自同一网站的标签页或窗口将在重新加载后使用新的线路。 该选项不会清除任何隐私信息或者取消关联你的活动，也不会影响当前其他网站的连接。

NoScript

Tor Browser includes an add-on called NoScript, accessed by clicking the hamburger menu ("≡") at the top-right of the screen, then navigating to "Add-ons and themes". NoScript 允许你控制那些运行在单独网页上的 JavaScript，或者完全屏蔽。

nyx

The anonymizing relay monitor (formerly arm, now nyx) is a terminal status monitor for Tor, intended for command-line usage. This is a tool for monitoring the core Tor process on a system, often useful for relay operators.

obfs3

Obfs3 is a pluggable transport that makes Tor traffic look random, so that it does not look like Tor or any other protocol. 已不再支持 Obfs3 。

obfs4

Obfs4 是一种可插拔传输，它能像 obfs3 那样使 Tor 流量看起来随机，同时还能防止审查者通过互联网扫描发现网桥。 Obfs4 bridges are less likely to be blocked than obfs3 bridges.

洋葱地址

A standardized Internet domain name used by onion services that end in .onion and is designed to be self-authenticating.

Translation notes: Can be partially or totally translated, i.e. for Spanish 'dirección cebolla' or 'dirección onion'. But be careful when translating, because the actual onion addresses finish with .onion, in English.

Onion Browser

一款开源的 Tor 网络数据传输 iOS 应用，由与 Tor Project 密切合作的人士开发。 了解更多关于 Onion Browser 的信息

Translation notes: Project name. Do not translate "Onion", however you can translate "Browser". Ex: Navegador Onion.

洋葱服务

洋葱服务（以前称为“隐藏服务”）是只能通过 Tor 网络访问的服务，例如网站。 相对于非私密网络上的普通服务，洋葱服务具有如下优势：位置隐藏，端到端认证，端到端加密，以及 NAT 穿透。

洋葱站点

An onion site is a website that is only accessible via Tor. Although similar in meaning to onion service, but, onion site refers exclusively to websites. 这些网站使用 .onion 顶级域名（TLD）。

Onion-Location

Onion-Location 为非标准 HTTP 头部，用于播发网站的洋葱地址。 如果您访问的网站有可用的洋葱网站，Tor 浏览器的 URL 栏中将会提示紫色建议胶囊按钮，显示“.onion 可用”。 点击 “.onion 可用”后，将重新加载网站，并将并重新定向至对应的洋葱地址。

Translation notes: Do not translate.

Onionoo

Onionoo is a web-based protocol to learn about currently running Tor relays and bridges. Onionoo 为其他应用和网站（如 metrics.torproject.org）提供数据，后者向人们展示 Tor 网络状态信息。

洋葱空间

The set of available onion services. For example, you can say "my site is in onionspace" instead of "my site is in the Dark Web."

OONI

OONI stands for "Open Observatory of Network Interference", it is a global observation network for detecting censorship, surveillance and traffic manipulation on the internet.

操作系统（OS）

主要系统软件，负责管理电脑硬件和软件资源，并为计算机程序提供通用服务。 Android 和 iOS 是主流的移动操作系统。

Orbot

Orbot 是由 Guardian Project 推出的免费应用，它能让您设备上的其他应用更安全地使用互联网。 Orbot uses Tor to encrypt your Internet traffic and hide it by bouncing through a series of computers around the world.

Orfox

Orfox 于 2015 年 9 月 23 日由 Guardian Project 首次发布。 在之后三年里，Orfox 不断改进，成为广受欢迎的互联网浏览方式，提供比标准浏览器更多的隐私。对于帮助用户突破审查访问被封网站及重要的资源，Orfox 是至关重要的。 它的安装量超过 1400 万次，活跃用户数超过 100 万。 Orfox 已不再维护与支持。. 它已被 Android 版 Tor 浏览器所替代。 了解有关 Orfox 的更多信息。

Translation notes: Do not translate this application name.

可插拔传输

Tools that Tor can use to disguise the traffic it sends out. This can be useful in situations where an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or other authority is actively blocking connections to the Tor network.

私钥

The private portion of a public/private key pair. 这是必须保持私有的密钥，不可分发给他人。

代理

A proxy is a middle man between a client (like a web browser) and a service (like a web server). Instead of connecting directly to the service, a client sends the message to the proxy. The proxy makes the request on behalf of the client, and passes the response back to the client. The service only communicates with and sees the proxy.

公钥

The public portion of a public/private key pair. 这是可分发给他人的密钥。

公钥加密

公钥加密系统使用成对的数学密钥。 The public key can be disseminated widely while its corresponding private key is known only by the owner of the key pair. Any person can encrypt a message using the public key of the receiver but only the receiver in possession of the private key is able to decrypt the message. Additionally, the private key can be used to create a signature to prove the identity of the creator of a message or other files. 签名可通过公钥进行验证。

公钥指纹

In public key cryptography, a public key fingerprint is a sequence of bytes that is used to identify and authenticate a corresponding longer public key.

## Q-T

中继

A publicly-listed node in the Tor network that forwards traffic on behalf of clients, and that registers itself with the directory authorities.

Satori

It is an add-on for the Chrome or Chromium browsers that allows you to download several security and privacy programs, including Tor Browser, from different sources.

ScrambleSuit

ScrambleSuit is similar to the obfs4 pluggable transport but has a different set of bridges.

脚本

通过网页提供动态/交互式内容的元件。

安全套接字层 （SSL）

Secure sockets layer (SSL) is a standard Internet security protocol that is used to secure an internet connection and protect sensitive data being transmitted between two systems. SSL encrypts data that is being transferred, preventing third parties from accessing the data as it is being sent.

自证地址

The specialized address format of onion addresses is self-authenticating. The format automatically guarantees that the onion address is bound to the key used to protect connections to the onion site. Ordinary internet domain names require site owners to trust and be approved by a Certificate Authority (CA) for this binding, and they are subject to hijack by the CA and typically by many other parties as well.

服务器

一个在网络上提供服务的设备，如文件和网页存储、电子邮件或聊天。

会话

A session refers to a conversation between two devices communicating on a network. Using Tor Browser means that your session data will be wiped when you close the web browser.

单一洋葱服务

A single onion service is an onion service that can be configured for services that do not require anonymity, but want to offer it for clients connecting to their service. Single onion services use only three hops in the circuit rather than the typical six hops for onion services.

Snowflake

Snowflake 是一种可插拔传输，提供审查规避方式来访问自由开放的互联网。 共有三个组成部分：Snowflake 客户端，Snowflake 代理（这两者合称 Snowflake 端点）以及中转站。 Snowflake 可让开启的浏览器标签页变成临时 Tor 网桥。 为防止对代理 IP 地址的屏蔽，Snowflake 吸纳了大量由志愿者架设的代理，从而也让这些代理难以被找到。

SOCKS5

SOCKS5 是 Tor 使用的一种互联网协议。 该协议通过 Tor 网络发送流量，而不是直接使用你的 IP 地址将其发送至公开网络。 It is a general purpose proxy that sits at the layer 5 of the OSI model and uses the tunneling method. 使用 SOCKS5 的应用程序将获悉隧道的存在，但正确设置可以避免身份关联。

Spelling notes: All in caps, as it is an acronym.

Stem

Stem is a Python (programming language) controller library for core Tor. If you want to control core Tor with python, this is for you.

女巫攻击

计算机安全中，女巫攻击指在声誉系统中创建大量身份，以此在网络中获得不成比例的巨大影响力。

Tails

Tails is a "live" operating system, that you can start on almost any computer from a DVD, USB stick, or SD card. 它旨在保护你的隐私和匿名性。 详细了解 Tails。

The Guardian Project

Guardian Project 是由软件开发者、活动人士和设计师组成的团体，致力于开发易用、安全且开源的移动应用程序及操作系统增强功能。 Guardian Project 提供的 Orbot 应用可帮助通过 Tor 网络路由 Android 设备上的其他应用。

Tor Project

Tor Project 指 The Tor Project Inc，一个负责维护 Tor 软件的 501(c)3 美国非营利组织，或 Tor Project 社区。该社区由世界各地帮助创建 Tor 的数千名志愿者组成 。

第三方跟踪

Most websites use numerous third-party services, including advertising and analytics trackers, which collect data about your IP address, web browser, system and your browsing behavior itself, all of which can link your activity across different sites. Tor Browser prevents a lot of this activity from happening.

Tor / Tor 网络/ Tor 核心

Tor 是一个可在你的电脑上运行的程序，为你在互联网上浏览时提供保护。 世界各地志愿者搭建中继，组成分布式网络，用以转发你的通信，以此为你提供保护：防止互联网连接监视者知道你访问了什么网站，并防止网站获取你的地理位置。 This set of volunteer relays is called the Tor network. Sometimes the software associated with this network is called Core Tor, and sometimes "little-t tor". 大多数人通过 Tor 浏览器使用 Tor。它是一个基于 Firefox 开发的版本，并修复了许多隐私问题。

Tor 浏览器

Tor Browser uses the Tor network to protect your privacy and anonymity. Your internet activity, including the names and addresses of the websites you visit, will be hidden from your Internet Service Provider (ISP) and anyone watching your connection locally. 您所用网站和服务的运营商及其所有监视者，可看到连接来自 Tor 网络，但看不到您真实的 IP 地址，并且不知道您是谁，除非您在网站上自我公布。 此外，Tor浏览器旨在防止网站通过“指纹识别”或根据您的浏览器配置来识别您的身份。 在默认情况下，Tor 浏览器不会保存任何浏览历史记录。 Cookies are only valid for a single session (until Tor Browser is exited or a New Identity is requested).

Spelling notes: Tor Browser. Sometimes also mentioned as "tbb". Not 'TOR Browser'.

Translation notes: Do not translate "Tor", however you can translate "Browser". Example in Spanish: Navegador Tor (altering the order because is more natural like that in Spanish.) 有些语言，比如阿拉伯语，可以音译 Tor 这个字，例如写成 تور，即用其它字符书写 Tor。

Tor 启动器

首次运行 Tor 浏览器时，您将会看到 Tor 启动器的窗口。 它为您提供两种选择：直接连接到Tor网络，或为您的连接配置 Tor 浏览器。 第二种情形下，Tor 启动器将进一步引导你进行一系列相关配置。 自 Tor 浏览器 10.5 版本 起，Tor 启动器不在使用。

Translation notes: Do not translate or transliterate.

Tor 日志

"Tor log" is an automatically-generated list of Tor's activity that can help diagnose problems. Tor 出现问题时，可能错误消息，并提供选项以“复制 Tor 日志到剪贴板”。 你可看到复制日志的选项。通过它，可将日志复制文档，然后将其展示给相关人士以便进行故障排除。 如果未看到该选项，并且 Tor 浏览器已打开，可访问汉堡菜单（≡），点击“设置”并在侧边栏点击“连接”。 在该页面底部，点击“查看 Tor 日志”旁边的“查看日志”按钮。

Tor Messenger

Tor Messenger was a cross-platform chat program that aimed to be secure by default and send all of its traffic over Tor. Tor Messenger 已经不再继续开发。 它支持 Jabber (XMPP)、IRC、Google Talk、Facebook Chat、Twitter、Yahoo 等，自动启动无记录（OTR）通讯机制，提供易用的多语言图形界面。

Tor 指标

Tor Metrics archives historical data about the Tor ecosystem, collects data from the public Tor network and related services, and assists in developing novel approaches to safe, privacy preserving data collection.

Tor2Web

Tor2web is a project to let users access onion services without using the Tor Browser. NOTE: This is not as safe as connecting to the onion services via Tor Browser, and will remove all Tor-related protections the client would otherwise have.

TorBirdy

This extension configures Thunderbird to make connections over Tor.

torrc

The core Tor configuration file.

Torsocks

Torsocks allows you to use many applications in a safer way with Tor. It ensures that DNS requests are handled safely and explicitly rejects any traffic other than TCP from the application you're using.

TPI

TPI 是 The Tor Project, Inc 的首字母缩写。

tpo

People often use `tpo` to abbreviate `torproject.org` when writing hostnames. For example, `blog.tpo` is an abbreviation for `blog.torproject.org`.

流量

Traffic is the data sent and received by clients and servers.

## U-Z

web 浏览器

Web 浏览器（通常称为浏览器）指在万维网上进行检索，展示和浏览信息资源的软件应用程序。 Major web browsers include Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, and Safari.

网站镜像

网站镜像指网站的一对一复制，但使用不同的网址。

WebTunnel

WebTunnel is a censorship-resistant pluggable transport designed to mimic encrypted web traffic (HTTPS). For someone monitoring the network, it makes the traffic look like a regular HTTPS connection to a webpage server giving the impression that the user is simply browsing the web.